The painting was created in the 18th century by an unknown artist and presents Catherine of Alexandria (who died in 305), the patroness of Christian philosophers and universities. The history displayed in the painting is a dispute ordered by Maxentius between St. Catherine and pagan philosophers, which ended with their conversion.
Maria Działo, "St. Catherine of Alexandria", [in:] "The Sacred Lesser Poland Heritage", 2025, source: https://sdm.upjp2.edu.pl/en/works/st-catherine-of-alexandria-4